El camino fácil y rápido para hablar eficazmente

Primera Parte

Consejos baiscos

1. Aproveche la experiencia ajena
2. Tenga siempre presente su objetivo
3. Predispona su mente para el éxito 
4. Aproveche toda oportunidad de practicar

II. Desarrollo de la confianza

1. Comprenda las circunstancias relacionadas con el tema a hablar en público
• El temor al público no es algo malo, solo es una sensación a la que al principio no estamos acostumbrados
2. Prepárese en forma adecuada
• No hay que aprender un discurso de memoria
• Reflexione sobre su discurso 
• Ensaye el discurso con sus amigos, dígalo como tema de conversación 


3. Predisponga su mente para el éxito

• Apasiónese de su tema
• Apártese de los estímulos negativos
• Dese ánimos 
• Actúe con confianza

III. Hablar eficazmente de una manera más fácil y rápida 

1. Hable sobre lo que se haya ganado el derecho a hablar
• Ya sea por que haya estudiado mucho el tema o por experiencia
2. Asegúrese que se sienta entusiasmado por su tema
3. Esté ansioso por compartir su discurso con los oyente

Segunda Parte

Discurso,orador  y auditorio

IV. Gane el derecho a hablar

Cuatro formas de organizar su material para tener la atención del público.

1. Limite su tema
2. Desarrolle su poder de reserva
1. Profundice en su investigación aunque su discurso vaya a ser breve
3. Llene su discurso con ilustraciones y ejemplos
• Humanice su discurso: Ponga vivencias, experiencias
• Personalice su discurso con nombres de personas
• Sea especifico, llene su discurso con detalles
• Conteste a las preguntas: ¿Que? ¿Cuando? ¿Como? ¿Donde? ¿Que? y ¿Por que?
• No ponga mas detalles o perderá la atención del auditorio
• Dramatice su discurso mediante el uso del dialogo
• Visulalice, demostrando el tema de su charla
4. Use términos familiares y concisos que creen imágenes 

V. Como vitalizar el discurso

1. Elija temas por los que se sienta convencido
2. Reanime los sentimientos que le despierta su tema
3. Actúe con seguridad 

VI. Comparta el discurso con su auditorio 

1. Hable en términos que interesen a sus oyentes
2. Demuestre aprecio honrado y sincero
3. Identifíquese con el auditorio
4. Haga participar al público en su discurso
5. Demuestre humildad

Tercera Parte

El propósito de los discursos preparados e improvisados

VII. Hacer que un discurso produzca acción

Un discurso 

A Life of Happiness and Fulfillment

Course: A Life of Happiness and Fulfillment
Start Date: 6/21/2015

Seven Deadly Sins

1. Devaluing the happiness
2. Chasing superiority
3. Being needy or being avoidant
4. Being overly control-seeking
5. Distrusting others
6. Distrusting life
7. Ignoring the 'source within'

Seven good habits

1. Prioritize but not pursue happiness
• Means that monitoring happiness makes you less happy
• Those who received a daily reminder to prioritize were happier than those who didn't receive the such as an email.

Medium Maximization

Means that we tend to forget the long-term goals by the short-term goals, like in the money. 

E.g. Instead of thing in buy a house we only focus in get more money.

Type of happiness 

1. Authentic pride
2. Love / connection
3. Abundance

1. Devaluing the happiness
• When we have incorrect ideas about the happiness. E.g. The happiness will turn you in a lazy person
2. Chasing superiority
• Lower our performance in intellectual tasks but drive us to perform better in non-intellectual tasks.

Characteristic of Flow experiences

• Distorted perception of time
• Lack of self-consciousness
• Intense focus on the present moment

How to reconnect
Get a hobby (2-3 hours per week, doing challenging things)

Get flow at job
 Identify your talents and nurture them
identify things that need your community

Gratitude 

Is a way to get happy by telling to the other people why you appreciate from them.

How to be happy

There are three things needed to be happy

1. Mastery in a filed
2. Belongingness
3. Autonomy

Work Smarter not Harder

This is a course taken from Coursera.

Module 1 

• Create a plan
• This will allow you not only plan the future, you also will can know how to manage with the changes or new requirements. 
• To review how you spend your time
• You teach to others how to treat you
• E.g. If you allow to work after business hours one time then everybody will be used to that
• Strategic Reserve Time 
• = Time available to do all tasks - All commitments
• Time dedicated to special projects (personal or business)
• Remained time between planned time Vs real time, the difference is time that you can dedicated to another activities.
• Estimating
• Experience is the best tool
• Communication
• Communication takes time!!!
• Schedule your communication time

Module 2

• To do two things at once is to do neither.
• Switching Cost: It is the time taken to switch from one task to another, and back again.

How to Reason and Argue (Reconstruct an Argument)

Standards for evaluating an argument

• Vices
• Virtues

Vices in an argument

• One or more premises is/are FALSE
• Premises do not provide a good Reason for the Conclusion
• Relation between premises and conclusion

Virtues in an argument

• Validity
• Use the clause IF .... ONLY IF ...

          IF the clause is valid and ONLY IF the conclusion is valid

          EVERY argument with true premises and  a false conclusion is invalid.

• Soundness

         A sound argument, all the premises are true and the conclusion is true.

         If a deductive argument is not sound, then it is not a good argument

Deductive Arguments

• The conclusion should follow from the premises
• Validity
• A deductive argument is supposed is valid
• An inductive argument is supposed not to be valid 

Argument Reconstruction 

1. Stage 1: Close Analysis
• Do a close analysis
2. Stage 2: Get down to the basics
• Remove all excess verbiage
• List all explicit premises and conclusions in standard form.
3. Stage 3: Sharpen edges
• Clarify where needed
• Break up where possible without distortion
4. Stage 4: Organize parts
• Divide the arguments into sub-arguments and arrange them in order
5. Stage 5: Fill in gaps
• Assess whether each argument is valid
• Add suppressed premises where needed
• Check each premise for truth
• Qualify premises to make them true where needed if possible
6. Stage 6: Assess the argument
• Conclude

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Organize Parts

1. Identify and number and premises and conclusion.
2. When premises work together, put a plus sign between them and draw a line under them
3. Draw arrows from reasons to claims that they are reasons for.
4. Rearrange as necessary

How to Reason and Argue (Arguments)

Problem of the Skeptical Regress

Solutions to the problem

• Start with a premise that is unjustified
• Use an argument with a circular structure
• Use an infinite chain of arguments

Trick for dealing with the problem

• Assure the audience
• Discount objections
• Guard your claim

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Argumentative Moves

• Assuring 
• Guarding
• Discounting 

Assuring

• If a reason is not actually given, then that reason cannot be questioned
• Benefits
• Save time
• Help you avoid the skeptical regress

Types

• Authoritative 
• It cites an authority that the audience shares as an authority
• Reflexive
• Talk about yourself 
• Ex: I believe that ....
• I assure that ...
• I feel sure ...
• I held this opinion for years ...
• I've thought about it year after year
• Abusive
• Basically abuse you and call it nonsense
• Ex: Nobody but a fool would think that ...
• Everybody know this.
• It's just common sense.

Tricks

• Citation of untrustworthy authorities
• That's obvious
• It's certain
• I'm sure
• Distractions
• Dropping assurances
• Repeat a lie thousand of times until be true

Guarding

Involves making your premises weaker so that it is harder to object to them.

When you weaken a premise beyond what would otherwise be expected in the context.p

Responses

• Why did you put in the guard?
• Have you weakened the premises so much that the conclusion no longer follows?

Types

• Extent
• 
  
• Generalize a problem.
• Example:
• We need a new alcohol officer because ALL students drink too much
• Probability
• Example
• It is absolutely certain that ...
• Mental
• Example
• I believe that the President is 50 years old.
• I tend to believe that the President is 50 years old.

Discounting

1. They assert two claims
2. They contrast the two claims
3. They emphasize one of the claims

Key Words

• But
• Although
• Even if
• Even though
• Whereas
• Nevertheless
• Nonetheless
• Still

Trick of discounting Straw People

Consist in make them not see the problems with your position.

• One case would be say: 
• "I have 5 objections to respond." 
• "You might say this .... but .... "
• "You might say that .... but .... "
• "How ever you would say that"
• "You might still say that"
• "Although ..."

Another Trick

• Misuses of guarding and assuring

Another Trick named "Evaluation"

Levels of Evaluation

• General

This evaluations imply that achieve a standard that is unknown

• Good / Bad - Ex. Your vote is good for me
• Ought to - Ex. You ought to use this product
• Should / shouldn´t
• Right / Wrong

• Specifics
• Beautiful / Ugly
• Cruel / Kind
• Brave / Cowardly

Happiness

Conceptual Domain

1. Well-being "Overall my life is going well"
2. Traits "I am an enthusiastic person"
3. Emotions "I feel reverence and gratitude"
4. Sensation "This sun feels good on my skin"

Happiness does not mean

• Having all your personal needs met
• Always feeling satisfied with life
• Feeling pleasure all the time
• Never feeling negative emotions
• There´s a uniform prescription for happiness - one size does not fit all

4 Ways happiness can hurt you

• Too much happiness can makes you less creative and less safe
• Happiness is not suited to every situation
• Not all types of Happiness are good for you
• Pursuing happiness may actually makes you unhappy

Differences between happy life and a Meaningful one

• Happy people satisfied their wants and needs, but that seems largely irrelevant to a meaningful life
• Happiness involves being focus on the present, whereas meaningful involves thinking more about the past, present and future -  and the relationship between them
• Meaningfulness is derived from giving to other people; happiness comes from what they give to you
• Meaningfulness lives involves stress and challenges
• Self-expression is important to meaning but not happiness

Philosophy

• Seeking happiness without meaning would probably be a stressful, aggravating, and annoying proposition

Basic Factors in Hapiness

• Exercise -  Establish a goal
• Sleep - Sleep well
• Achievement

How to Reason and Argue (Basics)

Argment

• It is a connected series of statements  intended to establish a definite proposition.

• A series of sentences, statements or propositions
• -> where some are the premises 
• -> and one is the conclusion
• -> where the premises are intended to give a reason for the conclusion

Purpose

• Persuading is making people believe or do something that they would not otherwise believe or do.
• Justifying is showing someone a reason to believe the conclusion.
• Tries to give good reasons

Uses of an argument

• Explaining is give a reason why something happened or is true
• The purpose is help people to understand something true
• Attempt to fit a particular phenomenon into a general pattern in order to increase understanding
• Types
• Casual - Why something happened
• Formal - Help to understand
• Teological - To explain the purpose of something
• Material - Explains of what something is made of

Explanation as an argument

1. General principle or law
2. Initial condition
3. Phenomenon to be explained

Notes

• You can get an explanation without prediction
• Viceversa you can get a prediction without an explanation
• Example: Bode's Law explains th distances between planets without explain why the planets take that distance among them

Meaning

There are three levels

• Linguistic
• Meaningful utterance

Examples:  The old man the ship

This phrase is meaningful.

If you read “the old man” as a noun phrase, then you will look for a verb and not find one. That makes this garden path sentence seem meaningless. However, “the old” can be a noun by itself referring to old people, and “man” can be a verb referring to managing the ship, and then the sentence means “The old people manage the ship.”

• Speech
• Advising in which you not persuade
• Conversational
• Persuade a person
• Inform a person

Conversational Act is the bringing about of the intended effect, which is the standard effect for the kind of speech act that the speaker is performing.

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Conversational Maxims (Paul Grice)

• Quantity
• Don't say too much or too little
• Quality
• Don't say what you don't believe or what you have no reason to believe.
• Relevance
• Be relevant
• Manner
• Be brief
• Be orderly
• Avoid obscurity
• Avoid ambiguity

Argument Markers

There are two types:

1. Conclusion marker
• After the reason introduce the conclusion
2. Reason marker
• After the conclusion introduce the reason

The following words are Argument markers:

• so
• therefore
• thus
• accordingly
• hence

You can replace each argument marker in the following sentences without affect the meaning

I am tall, so I am good at sports

I am tall. Therefore, I am good at sports

The following words are Reason markers:

• because
• for 
• as
• so
• since
• due to
• for the reason that
• and the reason why
• ....